First real blog

This blog I intend to make like my diary.  Most people would not want to air out their dirty laundry, but I believe I need to vent out via blog to keep my sanity and use it as my therapy.  So WHo AM I?  Well lets see, my life only makes sense to me when I am Kiteboarding or DJ'ing music for a crowd of people yelling and dancing.  I believe i found god behind the university i Attend in corpus christi when i was kiteboarding .  Stephen Floyd and Jordan Parker can attest to that.  well here is the beginnning

ch. 16 hypermedia

Hypermedia is simply the marriage of multimedia and hypertext.  Hypertext is based on the term hyper-meaning above, beyond more than normal.  Hyper text is beyoned normal text.  Normal text is linear, chich means it is consequence to influence the readers understanding of the topic.  Hypertext refers to a nonsequential, nonlinear method of organizing and displaying text.  Excellent Hypermedia Resource



hypermedia 1st useful



hypermedia 2





hypermedia 3

ch. 17

Asynchronous communication is becoming more common than synchyronous communication.  Email is one the most pandemic communications forms in the world.  Information that used to be disseminated through live presentations, textbooks is now available immeiately through bullentin board serrvices




Ansynchronization vs. Synchronous

linking discussions

Prezi for civil war

models for ansynchronization

a discussion about synchronization

Glogster

links for the screen shots for ch.9

screen shot linked of each presidential election

First

Second

Third

Class Assignment due April 10

The list of databases described in class March 30 has been extremely helpful, and I will utilized livingroomcandidates.com to portray how commercials and the media were detrimental in changing presidential elections. 2 questions that could improve the assignment is a difficult task. I really though the presentation was explained very clearly, and expectations were planned very well. I thought it was so helpful that the presentation was done with plenty of time to spare so while starting it the presenters would walk around to assist with any questions. But if I am to suggest critical/helpful feedback I would start with maybe adding more history databases. Of course as a history major thats what i would emphasize, but more variety of databases is one. Second, addressing and assisting with a more in depth explanation on how to take screenshots, especially for mac users. For some reason, screen shots for macs is more difficult than pc's.  

Below is my assignment which is linked on the main google doc page:

1. The database I decided to choose was one that was provided in the class presentation, the living room candidate.  The main purpose of this database is to provide a complete presidential election commercial archive.  

2.  Compare and contrast three different election campaigns, address the social issues of the year, analyze strategies used to win, and use the data of the election results to support your argument on effectiveness of strategies used.  The age group would focused on high school students.  This is the right age group due to challenging this mental stage of development to engage in abstract thinking politically, and socially.


3.  The specific steps taken to answer my following question by using the database livingroomcandidates.com is to first explore and search around the website.  Next, the student must pick three election years and begin researching the videos through the archive.  In this process, the student must research the social/political issues of this time and analyze how the commercial addresses the issues.  Last, the students must collect election result data from the website to support their argument on what strategies were used in the commercials, and why they were effective.  



Dwight Eisenhower run for election was a hard fought battle, and by no means a ‘gimmie’.  Harry S. Truman’s(also in the republican party) popularity, like all presidents before him, was dwindling down fast.  Eisenhower’s strategy for beating Stevenson for president would be to disassociate himself from Truman.  At this time the Korean War was largely unpopular and unsuccessful, and Senator Joe McCarthy’s ‘red scare’ campaign had the country terrified of communist of any kind.  The final straw in pushing Eisenhower to victory though was his Military War hero background.  It was Dwight D. Eisenhower who played the key role in planning the allied victory in World War II.  A poll in March 29, 1952 found Eisenhower the most admired living American, and in November he won the presidency



Lyndon B. Johnson did have some advantages going into the presidential race of 1964, continuing the legacy of John F. Kennedy.  His image of a tough legislator was enhanced after winning a hard-fought battle passing in congress the landmark civil rights Act of 1964, guaranteeing African-Americans access to all public facilities, and banned discrimination by race, religion, or sex.  The Vietnam War was worsening, but had not become a crucial factor in the race yet.  This was a landslide victory for Johnson partly due to Barry Goldwater’s extrememe right wing views which was not realistic or relating to the social/political movement happening in America.  The Republican Arizona senator Barry Goldwater was the author of a best-selling book The Conscience of a Conservative was not enough to win him the election.  Goldwater was infamously quoted “Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice.  Moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.”  Goldwater advocated the use of nuclear weapons in Vietnam and argued that social security be made voluntary.  


In 1984, the economy was improving and oil prices were low.  Even though, interest rates were high, and the lurking problem of the mounting federal deficit caused little public concern.  Reagan was very popular and was gaining the nickname “the teflon president” due to his ability to escape unscathed from setbacks.  In Oct. 1983, 241 marines were killed in a terroirst attack in Beirut.  The disaster was eclipsed days later by a marine invasion of Grenada, ordered to save a small group of medical students from the island’s new leftist gov.  Public confidence in the military was restored.  Mondale had an impossible task, to get Reagan off of his presidency throne.  Mondale made two bold choices in his campaign, both of which backfired.  First he selected a woman as his running mate.  A choice a head of his time but which was one American was not ready to deal with.  The media scrutinized her husbands finances, which put her on the defensive.  Second, mondale announced in his acceptance speech that he would raise taxes to fight the deficit.  Whenever the word taxes is used by a democrat, it is like committing political suicide and ruins campaigns.  Ironically he could have pointed out that Reagan had quietly signed a bill raising taxes by 50 billion.  Reagan proceeded to win the most lobsided victory since 1936.

research paper references with article summaries

Keywords	Databases	SearchDates	Article #s found	Resulting Categories
Multiple intelligences and technology	http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic68.htm	Mar. 13	3
MI and Tech	http://www.casacanada.com/multech.html	Mar. 13	2
Technology for different learning styles	http://web.mac.com/tammy.w/MultipleIntelligences/Home.html	Mar. 16	4
Teaching Multiple intelligences of Future	http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Multiple_Intelligences_and_Learning_Styles	Mar. 17	2
Techonlogy for tomorrow, MI	http://www.america-tomorrow.com/ati/nhl80402.htm	Mar. 19	6
Different types of Intelligences	http://lth3.k12.il.us/rhampton/mi/MI%20&%20Technology.htm#Verbal%20-%20Linguistic	Mar. 20	13

References:

Bill Smilk, Technology and Multiple Intelligences  "http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic68.htm"   accessed March 13, 2011

Chad Riley, Integrating Tech in Multiple Intelligences "http://www.casacanada.com/multech.html"  accessed March 13, 2011

Dave Keefe, How Tech Enhances Howard's Eight Intelligences  "http://www.america-tomorrow.com/ati/nhl80402.htm" accessed March 19, 2011

Emily Giles,  MI and Learning Styles  "http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Multiple_Intelligences_and_Learning_Styles"   Accessed March. 17, 2011

Howard Gardner,  Frames of mind: the theory of Multiple Intelligences.  (New York, NY: Basic Books 1983)

Tammy Worcester, MI and Tech "http://web.mac.com/tammy.w/MultipleIntelligences/Home.html"  accessed March 16, 2011

Victoria Raney, Lesson Ideas for Different Intelligences "http://lth3.k12.il.us/rhampton/mi/MI%20&%20Technology.htm#Verbal%20-%20Linguistic"  accessed March 20, 2001

Article Summaries 

Victoria Raney Lesson Ideas

This article provides one of the largest databases for strategies for teaching each of the many intelligences.  Howard Gardner would be very proud to see this large, multiple process of using different games to reach different students.  Of the intelligences address in this website is verbal, logical, verbal, visual, bodily, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.  This website provides a list of web resources, Technology tools, software ideas, software applications, alternative technologies and applications, and last web references.  In this website it address lesson examples for various subjects as science, social studies, mathematics, music, language for grades Kindergarten through high school.  This is truly one of the most comprehensive websites addressing this educational theory and will further my research paper.  The argument of the article at the bottom of this website is first discussing the positives and negatives of using technology to teach Multiple Intelligences.  Raney states that technology does not necessarily improve education, stating that "we should not use computers or technology without thinking about how kids will learn, and also think how to integrate technology to meet their learning needs.  Even though they're are some negative side effects, Raney argues that multiple intelligences can be enhanced with the use of technology, which is the reason why this website has been constructed.  The article states that the internet can provide a wealth of resources in information formats such as: slide shows, interactive animation, simulation, sounds, charts, video, text.

Tammy Worcester 

In this article Tammy Worcester discusses Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (verbal, logical, verbal, visual, bodily, musical, interpersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist ).   She mentions that this might not be all of the intelligences that exist, but this was the first eight that he theorized when he wrote his ground breaking book in the 1980s.  Every week tammy writes an article called her "tip of the week" on how to conduct your class and what lesson plan to put forward to address multiple intelligences.  Why should anyone listen or read tammy's articles?  Well 1st she has 25 years of educational experience teaching grades kindergarten to middle school.  She then served as a technology coordinator for her k-8 grade school.  For the past twelve years, Tammy has worked for ESSDACK, an educational service center, as an Instructional Technology Specialist, providing staff development and training in the area of technology integration. Her website, “Tammy’s Technology Tips for Teachers" (www.tammyworcester.com) is a popular online resource for teachers around the world. Tammy has developed several software applications for teachers and is the author of several best-selling technology resource books that are published and marketed nationally.

Emily Giles

In this article there is a wealth of information about Multiple intelligences, but it is not set up as MI resources to aid in teaching but rather as a in depth look at the eight intelligences.  The Department of Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology at University of Georgia has set up a outline in the beginning of the article to speed up the process guiding the reader through MI.  The first paragraph of the article explains the multiple intelligences Scenario, which is not interested in if the students get the right or wrong answer but is interested in HOW the students got the answer.  In the article the teacher allows each student to create a timeline to discuss the civil rights movement, and by the finished products (visual, musical, mathematical) portrays the different learning styles.  In all of the article, the theme of structured comes up again and again.  stating that "teacher-centered activities provide an opportunity for teachers to introduce material and establish prior knowledge and student conceptions.   The article also defines "learning styles" which is a commonly used term through the education system.  Emily giles states "it refers to the uniqueness of how each learner receives and processes new information through their senses."  The national Association of Secondary School Principles defines it as "the composite of stable indicators of how a leaner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environment."  Other phrases associated with learning styles commonly used is perceptual styles, learning modalities, and learning preferences.

Dave Keefe

In this article Dave Keefe discusses New Horizons for learning and America Tomorrow, to corporations dedicated to using technology to reach all of the multiple intelligences.  America Tomorrow has long supported the premise that all students can learn, and that a very appropriate use of technology is to help teachers and students understand the individual learning strengths of each student across the full spectrum of learning. Howard Gardner's 1983 publication of "Frames of Mind" provided the concept of Seven Types of Intelligence as a structure for exploring this spectrum. Recently Gardner added naturalist intelligence to expand his model to eight different forms of intelligence. Dee Dickinson, CEO and Founder of New Horizons for Learning, is one of Gardner's most articulate and supportive advocates, and is currently working on a chapter on Naturalist Intelligence for teaching and learning through multiple intelligences by Linda Campbell, Bruce Campbell and Dee Dickinson. Dee was America Tomorrow's first contributing author and has provided excerpts from the book on ways that Technology enhances each of the Gardner Intelligences. This document will form the basis for an asynchronous discussion between Dee and the Johns Hopkins University graduate education class on "Online Coaching and Instruction on the Internet"  Dee comments to the class: "You are the first to see the section on technology and the Naturalist. It is too long for the book, but I found so much interesting material I wanted to write it up. I will have to cut it, but here's the whole thing for you. I am looking forward to your questions, comments, and discussions about this and related subjects. Am especially anxious to learn from you. See you online soon!" --Dee Dickinson

Chad Riley

In this article of MI, it first like many of the others goes into what the Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles are.  After that Chad Riley discusses what every parent needs to know about learning styles,  and how to discover which type your child is.  It also goes into depth in if you can use more than one learning style strategy to teach your child.  Next it goes into more depth over each of the seven learning styes.  The Eighth Intelligence is discussed, the Naturalistic intelligence, which is the another learning style that was adopted into the MI.  The ninth learning style that i wasn't aware of and i don't believe have been officially adopted is existential intelligence.  I believe that i was this kind of intelligence, in which children are curious about where you go when you die, if there are ghosts, and why are we here on earth (some of life's largest questions still unanswered).               This is a great article in which it also teaches parents to help develop other intelligences going step by step in different processes while also working on the ones they are already strong at.  Finally it goes into careers that your child could be good at when they get older by giving examples into each type of learning style.

Bill Smilk

As all of the other articles this address first Howard Gardners famous 1983 book Frames of Mind, discussing the seven intelligences.  This is a site for Professional Development Resources for Educators and Librarians.  Gardner claims that we all have intelligences but that no two people are exactly alike, and must be treated as individuals.  The article mentions Project Zero, and link to learn more detail about Howard Gardner.  This article states that Gardner developed the list as a theoretical model about the psychology of the mind, rather than a practical way to address individual differences. However, by understanding a student's strengths and weaknesses in each intelligence, we can help students become more successful. He also notes that integrating multiple intelligences into the classroom involves changing our idea about teaching and learning. It requires addressing individual differences and providing a range of activities and experiences to facilitate learning. Technology can be used to facilitate learning in each intelligence area. There is no "right way" to integrate intelligences or technology into the classroom. The key is to provide the most effective learning environment for students.

chapter 10 assignment

Stephen Sluyter
Topic: Concpet Mapping and how it relates to information
Audience: High School 8-12


Rationale:
Structure is inherent in all knowledge, so understanding the structural foudnations of any content domain improves comprehension.
Structural knowledge is essential to recall and comprehension.
When learners study they necessarily construct knowledge along with declarative knowledge.
Memory structures reflect the world; people naturally learn the underlying organization of ideas while learning.
Structural knowledge is essential to problem solving and acquisition of procedural knowledge, so semantic networking will necessarily improve problem solving ability.
Experts structural knowledge differs from that of novices; understanding these differences is facilitated by semantic networking.  

Evaluation Checklist:
This semantic network has 20 nodes with 25 links or arrows connecting the different types of information.  This is a complete Semantic Network  with a ratio of instances to concepts of  3 to 1 which explains how well integrated the network is, also known as its embeddedness.
The two Central Concepts of this map would first be the Concept map box, and then the organized knowledge box.  These are the two central themes, in which several links spawn off the organized knowledge box to 7 or 8 nodes to which this concept is interrelated to the entire map.


Mindtool Creation:

Chapters 5-8

Chapter 5


Modeling Systems
Systems

The Beginning of the chapter stresses on the importance of CONTENT.

Modeling systems with concept maps:

• Concept mapping enables learners to identify components and allow them to link systemic interactions between those said components in order to explore relationships and interaction
  • However, concept maps can NOT represent the dynamic nature of interactions such as cause and effect. Systems modeling tools are needed for such a venture.

Modeling Systems with systems modeling tools

Dynamic systems models are created by by describing the quantitative relationships among the components, then testing them by running the models.

• It is essential to question student models so they can make necessary adjustments.
• The teacher needs a well-developed conceptual framework to question the validity of student models.

Modeling systems with spreadsheets
Spreadsheets are effective for illustrating dynamic interaction among system components.


Chapter 6


The beginning states "The more accurate a learner's representation of a problem, the better the learners solution is likely to be.

Spreadsheets:
Can be used to model nearly all phenomena in math and science.
Simply change the values of the variables and the other variables in the figures change.

Expert systems:
Solving problems requires some form of causal reasoning.
The more complex the problem is, the more sophisticated the causal reasoning must be.

Decisions are usually stated first.

Identify the decision factors in the form of questions that will be asked of the user

The designer writes the rules using IF-THEN (Boolean) logic to relate the decisions to the decision factors or questions

• To guide further interpretation of information about the   problem
• to simulate the behavior of the system based on knowledge about the properties of the system
• to associate with and trigger a particular solution scheme

Qualitative data- Deals with descriptions, data can be observed but not measured, focus on the quality

Quantitative Data- Deals with numbers, data can be measured, focus on the quantity of data

Modeling Problems
with Databases

• In solving problems domain knowledge should be well organized and accessible.
• The tables in a relational database can be searched together, to answer queries.  Queries are formal searches of the database that can be predefined in the database program.
• The figure below shows the results of a formal query conducted in access, a database program.

Chapter 7
The Beginning of the chapter begins with "to be part of a culture, it is necessary to be connected to the stoires that about in that culture.  Telling stories is a primary means for negotiating meanings, and stories assist us in understanding human action, intentionality, and temporality."

Stories relate to direct experience:  Assume we learn from experiences and learn from stories of other people's experiences.  Stories are rich, powerful formalisms, and store and describe memories.


Understanding what people know:  Analyze their stories, Case Based Reasoning or CBR.
CBR- represents what people know
WHat people know is stored in memory as stories

Modeling Experiences in Databases

Collecting stories and experiences in a database is essential if you wish to recall the information for future reference. The database and an effective indexing system allows for fast recall of previous experiences.

Modeling Experiences with Hypermedia

Telling a story about someone or a group of people can be done by biography, documentary or ethnography. The hypermedia tool that was used to create the narratives was Storyspace. Storyspace is a generative, flexible writing environment that lets you collect, store, and experiment with your story ideas without having to worry about how they all fit together right away. The students enjoyed creating video, pictures and narratives to develop their biographical projects. It was interesting to know that narrative forms of representation are better retained and comprehended than declarative forms.
The people who investigate customs, habits and social interactions are ethnographers. In order to capture multiple perspectives and data, Riki Goldman Seagull developed Learning Constellations. Her concept knowledge base allowed students to collaborate and create a multimedia culture in the classroom. Although telling stories is a vital part of human interaction, it can be an effective learning tool as well.

Chapter 8

This chapter details different models of cognition and encourages the use of Mindtools for modeling meta-cognition. In simple terms, metacognition is thinking about thinking. In a more definitive description of the term, metacognition refers to higher order thinking which engages active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning. Metacognition occurs when “one must stand back from a particular mental activity and comment on the activity rather than participating in it” (Reisberg, 1997). These processes are important skills that are required for most higher order thinking processes.

Constructing Cognitive Simulations

Cognitive simulations are otherwise known as models of cognition. “Cognitive simulations are runnable computer programs that represent models of human cognitive activities” (Roth, Woods, & People, 1992, p. 1163). The main rationale of cognitive simulations is to regard mental constructs for analysis and theory building.

Cognitive simulations were created by Newell and Simon at some stage in the information processing revolution in psychology. In 1972, computers had just started to be utilized to illustrate how humans actually processed information. The development of an operational computer model of those processes seemed to be the most scientific way to simulate the processes. This cognitive simulation represent the link between psychology and computers. While the computers and tools that the psychologists and computer scientists used in order to create these simulations were very difficult and computer intensive, the Mindtools in this book are easier to utilize to construct the cognitive simulations.
In the beginning, cognitive simulations were utilized for the designing and implementation of intelligent tutoring systems. These tutoring systems are meant to analyze and identify a student’s understanding of a subject and adjust the instruction to the student’s capabilities

Jonasson describes his own experience with psychology students and their task to build a rule based cognitive simulation. The students began by identifying a number of learning strategies such as
Recall
Organization
Integration

Elaboration
Students learned that metacognition is tied to the learning need. Therefore any abstract model of metacognition must also be tied to a particular learning need.

The following rule base was established that takes into account learner and task characteristics:
1. Processing depth
2. Learner characteristics (what do they know, what do they need to know, learning style)
3. Difficulty level of the task
4. Support strategies (eg. energy level, interest level, place of study, perception of ability).
Plugging in the above variables  elicits a set of results that will best create the learning outcomes desired.  
USING SYSTEMS DYNAMICS TOOLS TO SIMULATE THINKING
The Stella Model of motivation correlates motivation and success  and failure considerations.  The  model considers level of satisfaction, expectancy levels, relevance, effort, and performance.  This model enables testing of current models.  The model can be repeated and used to measure the probability of failure, incentive values and can be visible through graphs.  In addition to this the Stella model can be used to compare models as well.

summaries of Chapter 1-4

In chapter 1 i learned about Cognitive Conflict.  It is one of my favorite explanations of psychological development when a person is forced to question long held beliefs.  There are many stages to how conceptual change:

1. Learner's experience/knowledge
2. introduction of new data or information
3. new data or info contradicts learner's experience or knowledge
4. awareness of a need for change 
5. Restructuring of info or knowledge
6. conceptual change occurs

The awareness of the need to change is probably the most difficult step for most people to deal with, and many even with the presence of this new data will still cling to old beliefs by neglecting or deny this new  information.

Theorist Striker and Posner regard conceptual change as a rational process in which theories are judged by “how successfully they solve their appropriate range of intellectual problems.”  According to their, theory, the intellectual problems of discrepancies in learners’ conceptions do not simply emerge from experience; rather, they also depend on the nature of the learners’ preconceptions and how those preconceptions impact data interpretation.  

Chapter 2

The primary purpose of modeling in the construction and revision of conceptual understandanding, that is, conceptual change. Explicit models of internal conceptual models engages in conceptual change, hence why it is encouraged to be used by Teachers.

Learning is best accomplished when students create their own models, not just use a model. Such as math formulas, if you give a student a formula they can find the correct answer, if you explain how the formula works, and what each variable means then students will have a better understanding as they were involved (slightly) in the creation of it by understanding the history and reason they are using said formula. This is an example of allowing the student to use their own imagination and creativity to engage in active learning. This is why it is better to construct your own models vs. use old ones.

How One Can Model Systems

System modeling enables students to explore the interactions between components within a system and develop an integrated view of the subject matter in relation to structural and causal relationships.

How Can One Model Problems

The key to solving any problem is to mentally construct a problem space by selecting and mapping certain relationships that are apparent within the problem. When models are used the mental problem space of the learner becomes external and more tangible.

Chapter 3

Chapter 1 argued that onceptual change is one of the most meaningful conceptions of learning. The models that students construct can and shoulld be used to assess student understanding.

The function of assessing self-regulation is not to present people with the information to critique those who have created/designed the model, but instead, to provide the learner with feedback concerning his/her development of learning and to better direct the learner in his/her learning. In order to use mind-tools, the learner must engage and promote self-regulation. In order to prolong and develop this process, the learner needs to be able to perform a self-assessment and identification concerning what he/she has learned and also be able to identify how to learn a particular skill or subject.

Assessing Collaboration: Mindtools are most effective when used collaboratively among students. Students who work together will create and learn more effectively than those who work solo. Mindtools will provide a reason for assessing the models that the students produce instead of evaluating students with a separate examination to ascertain knowledge.

Assessing Critical Thinking: Mindtools promote a student's critical thinking in which the result should be evaluated based on that content area. A student’s critical thinking technique is complicated to assess since it is based on context. The different subjects call for diverse critical thinking proficiencies. Developing a rubric based on these proficiencies will offer the best solution to assess the students while constructing models with mindtools.

Chapter 4

The assumption that the acquirement of domain knowledge is a prerequisite to procedural knowledge is being challenged. In other words, learning about how to do something before you actually do it is essential, or is it not? Theorists argue that acquiring knowledge without applying it in some authentic context is meaningless. No matter what theorists may claim, traditional settings demand that educators measure learning in terms of how much knowledge is acquired. Chapter 4 highlights several strategies that promote the acquisition of domain knowledge; these strategies are called mindtools: Databases, Concept Maps, Spreadsheets, Visualization Tools, and Hypermedia.

Modeling Domain Knowledge with Databases:

Databases are tools for analysis of content domains. Students analysis content via numerous information sources. Databases assist in aiding students’ ability to identify underlying themes relevant to the content being studied. When analyzing content domains, students experience at least two levels of analysis. First, the analytical process, occurs when students seek out and organize information in the database. The second level of analysis is reflective and relational. Students ask themselves questions pertaining to the database

Modeling Domain Knowledge with Concept Maps

A concept map is a type of graphic organizer that allows for relationships between different ideas or concepts, facts, or vocabulary to be linked in an organized, yet free-flowing fashion. Typically, concept are found written in circles, and relationships between are signified using arrows or lines. Such maps can be used at any time of the learning process - from brainstorming ideas to reviewing previously learned content. Jonassen argues that maps can be created in concert with exposure to new, interconnected pieces of domain knowledge, or factual knowledge. Today, multiple types of free computer software have become available allowing users to create easily-manipulated, interactive concept maps. 

Concept maps can be used as a replacement for traditional note taking and studying techniques. Because it is important for domain knowledge to be used in order to be remembered, concept mapping provides a facile means of allowing students to classify presented information in a way where they must actively engage in creating a system for organization and recall.

Modeling Domain Knowledge with Visualization Tools

Visual Tools are strategies that help learners understand the concepts of an investigation and illustrate information to convey meaning of a larger learning activity.  This is different than Mindtools which are used to produce a final model.   Jonassen (2006) says that he and many other learners are visual learners and agrees that a picture is worth a thousand words.  The visual tool that he uses to demonstrate his modeling domain is called One Sky, Many Voices, which was produced by a project titled Kids as Global Scientists.

Modeling Domain Knowledge with Hypermedia

Hypermedia is the coming together of multimedia and hypertext. Hypertext unlike normal every day text,which is read from beginning to end, left to right, top to bottom, has many different forms and outlets that are as numerous and expanding as the creators imagination. Hypertext is all about control, think of it as a buffet where one has the option to pick and chose which information to view and which not to. Now add water to this or in this case multimedia and you have a form of media that has many different representations i.e. text, graphics, sounds, video, games etc.

Modeling Domain Knowledge with spreadsheets

A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing alphanumeric text, numeric values or formulas.

A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the contents of any other cell each time any cell is updated. Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made.